Rodent abundance triggered switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent–seed system of the subtropical island forest

Density-dependent non-monotonic species interactions are important in maintaining ecosystem stability and function, but empirical evidences are still rare. Rodents, as both seed dispersers and seed predators, have dual effects on plant regeneration and may result in non-monotonic rodent-plant interactions. According to the non-monotonic models, the relative positive or negative effects of rodents on seedling establishment can be measured based on the positive or negative association of seedling recruitment rate and rodent abundance. In this study, we investigated the fates of acorns of Quercus serrata by tracking tagged seeds on 21 fragmented subtropical islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China. We found that the proportion of germinated seeds of all released seeds showed a dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed. The proportion of removed seeds and cached seeds showed a saturated- and a weak dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed, respectively. Our results demonstrated a clear empirical evidence that rodent abundance per seed triggered a switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent–seed system. Our study implied that the observed non-monotonic interactions between plants and animals may play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function. We appeal for more investigations of the complex non-monotonic interactions in various ecosystems.     

Endozoochorous seed dispersal by golden snub-nosed monkeys in a temperate forest

Seed dispersal is essential for plant recruitment and the maintenance of biodiversity. Colobine monkeys are primarily folivorous, but they also consume fruits and are often assumed to be seed predators. Although they are known to be epizoochorous seed dispersers, their role as endozoochorous seed dispersers needs reassessment. We examined potential endozoochory in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) at Dalongtan in Shennongjia National Park, central China, by assessing potential germination of ingested seeds (n = 1806, 9 species) from fecal samples. Intact seeds were in almost all fecal samples (ranging from 5–130 seeds), and ingested seeds were from small seeded species (seed width <4.5 mm). The 2 most abundant species were Actinidia arguta (73%) and Rosa caudata (15%). The fruits of A. arguta were unripe when ingested (i.e. effective seed predation) and the ingested seeds did not germinate in the trials. Therefore, ingestion of unripe seeds does not lead to effective seed dispersal. However, germination rates of defecated R. caudata (9%) were greater than control seeds (6% and 0%), demonstrating potential endozoochorous seed dispersal. Thus, colobine monkeys do indeed disperse mainly small-seeded from multi-seeded fruits through potential endozoochory and this process enhances the recruitment of seedlings.     

柔性机械式大豆精量排种器设计与试验

针对免耕播种作业时沙土和碎秸等飘浮物被气吸式排种器吸入充种室内，导致排种工作部件损坏、排种质量降低等问题，设计了一种柔性清护种机械式大豆精量排种器。对排种器工作过程进行理论分析，确定了影响工作性能的主要结构与工作参数；通过单因素对比试验确定了对排种性能影响最小的护种毛刷材料；采用三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合试验方法，以作业速度、充种倾角、护种距离为试验因素，以合格指数、漏播指数、重播指数和破损指数为评价指标，应用Design-Expert 8.0.6.1软件对试验结果进行方差分析。结果表明：各因素对合格指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为作业速度、护种距离、充种倾角，各因素对漏播指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为护种距离、作业速度、充种倾角，各因素对重播指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为作业速度、充种倾角，护种距离影响不显著，各因素对破损指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为护种距离、作业速度、充种倾角；当作业速度为8~12km/h、充种倾角70°、护种距离为-1.5mm时，排种合格指数大于94%、漏播指数小于3%、重播指数小于3%、破损指数小于0.2%，满足免耕大豆高速精量播种作业要求。     

油棕叶梗重组方材制备工艺

以油棕叶梗为原材料、酚醛树脂为胶黏剂，采用正交试验方法研究重组方材密度、施胶量、热压时间和热压温度对油棕叶梗重组方材力学性能的影响。结果表明，密度对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响较大，密度和施胶量越大，重组方材力学性能越好；热压温度和热压时间对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响比较复杂。综合考虑确定油棕叶梗重组方材的较优制备工艺条件为:密度0.7 g/cm³，施胶量12%，热压温度180℃，热压时间40 min；较优工艺条件下油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量为7 185 MPa，静曲强度为68.7 MPa，顺纹抗压强度为35 MPa，内结合强度为0.21 MPa。密度为0.7 g/cm³的油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量、静曲强度、顺纹抗压强度高于了杉木的性能。     

14种悬浮种衣剂防治玉米地下害虫、蚜虫和茎基腐病的防效评价

摘 要：为有效控制玉米地下害虫、蚜虫和茎基腐病的常年危害，筛选具有较好控制作用的种衣剂，笔者开展了14种悬浮种衣剂田间药效试验。试验表明：14种种衣剂对供试玉米品种出苗安全；氟虫腈?噻虫嗪（30%悬浮种衣剂）(1:1000)处理的出苗率96.7%为最高值。氟虫腈?噻虫嗪（30%悬浮种衣剂）(1:1000)对玉米地下害虫、玉米蚜虫的防治效果分别达84.8%、80.0%。精甲?咯?嘧菌（11%悬浮种衣剂）(1:2000)对玉米茎基腐病的防治效果达73.7%。说明以噻虫嗪、氟虫腈和甲霜灵为主的复配防治玉米地下害虫、蚜虫、茎基腐病，能够取得较好的防治效果。建议针对不同的生态类型区域，结合品种、施肥、管理等措施选用不同的配方，以取得最佳的防治效果。     

内源H2O2对水稻种子萌发的影响

通过用不同浓度的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH）合成酶抑制剂碘二苯（diphenylene iodonium, DPI）及过氧化氢（hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂）清除剂二甲基硫脲（dimethylthiourea, DMTU）分别培养水稻（Oryza sativa L.）种子,研究内源H₂O₂对种子萌发过程胚根、胚芽和胚根根尖活力等的影响。结果表明,DPI及DMTU培养的水稻种子其胚根生长和胚芽生长均受到抑制,尤其是DPI对胚根生长的抑制作用更为显著。DPI和DMTU对水稻种子萌发的影响均呈现出浓度效应,即浓度越高,抑制作用越强。其中,DPI对水稻种子萌发的抑制作用比DMTU的更为明显。此外,胚根根尖的超氧阴离子（superoxide anion, O ^2-）和H₂O₂含量随DMTU浓度增大而减少,根尖细胞受损也越严重。由此推测,内源H₂O₂可能参与调控水稻种子萌发过程。     

油料作物油脂合成调控研究进展

植物油脂不仅是人类可食用油的主要来源,也是人类生产生活中重要的可再生原料。本文概述了植物油脂的生物合成途径,从母体效应、QTL、GWAS等多个方面总结了油料作物油脂合成的遗传学研究进展,同时探讨了已知的油脂合成调控相关基因的功能。本文综述了该领域的研究现状,为深入了解油料作物油脂合成调控网络提供了参考,也为油料作物的分子改良和遗传育种提供了理论基础。     

不同处理对芹菜种子萌发过程中抗氧化系统及激素水平的影响

为研究芹菜种子的萌发机制,采用不同试剂组合（5 g/L NaOH+10% PEG、10% PEG+500 mg/L壳聚糖、5 g/L NaOH+500 mg/L壳聚糖）和不同温度(18、24、30℃)对芹菜种子进行处理,观察芹菜种子的萌发指标,并探究种子萌发过程中的抗氧化系统及内源激素水平的变化。结果表明,30℃对种子发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数提高具有促进作用,加快种子萌发进程。与蒸馏水对照组相比,试剂组合处理在18、24℃时种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数升高,促进种子萌发,18℃时5 g/L NaOH+500 mg/L壳聚糖处理下的发芽势最高,24℃时5 g/L NaOH+10% PEG处理下发芽势达到最大值;30℃时不同试剂组合处理间发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数无明显差异。18、30℃对种子具有一定程度的胁迫作用,种子SOD和CAT活性较24℃条件下有所增加;18℃时MDA含量和脯氨酸含量显著增加;5 g/L NaOH+10% PEG处理能显著降低MDA含量。萌发过程中,芹菜种子内部ABA含量下降,GA₃、ZA含量增加。试剂组合及适当高温有利于提高芹菜种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,促进种子萌发,提高种子萌发整齐度;芹菜种子萌发过程中抗氧化系统和激素水平会积极响应不同的处理条件。     

利用高巧(60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂)防治小豆蚜虫效果研究

[目的]探讨小豆蚜虫防治新技术,比较研究种衣剂拌种的防治效果。[方法]选用高巧(60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂)进行播前拌种试验,采用50 mL水分别加入高巧2、4、6、8 mL拌种1.0kg的处理方法,播种后比较其出苗率及幼苗的发育情况、蚜虫防治效果、小豆百粒重、产量及增产率。[结果]高巧拌种不会影响小豆出苗,可有效防治小豆蚜虫,但防效随时间延长而降低。防效保持在85%以上,可显著提高小豆百粒重和产量。[结论]该技术可在小豆生产中进行推广应用。     

内冷油腔振荡冷却仿真方法研究

为了得出一种较为通用的活塞内冷油腔仿真分析方法,采用数值仿真研究方法,从湍流模型、多相流模型、压力速度耦合算法以及油腔几何模型进行油腔CFD仿真分析方法的研究。通过对比分析仿真所得的平均机油填充率、机油分布、壁面平均换热系数和换热系数分布,得出在进行活塞油腔CFD模拟时,标准k-ε湍流模型可以更为经济地进行流动传热计算。可保证计算模拟精度的多相流模型CLSVOF计算结果周期间变化更小,计算结果稳定。活塞油腔瞬态仿真计算时,压力速度耦合算法PISO计算得出的流动换热结果精度更高,收敛速度和达到计算稳定的速度更快,模拟所得流动传热情况更接近实际。全油腔模型模拟效果相对于简化模型效果更好。通过对油腔各壁面区域换热系数随曲轴转角变化的分析得出:振荡过程极大增强了顶面和底面的换热,油腔内壁面中顶部壁面周期平均换热系数最大;底部壁面换热系数变化趋势与顶部壁面变化趋势基本相反,这是由机油分布以及振荡规律决定的;由于侧部壁面未收到机油强烈的冲击,换热系数随曲轴转角变化相对较平缓。